On this day - January 28

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814.- The French Emperor Charlemagne died, who from the accession to the throne in 768 until his death in 814, reshaped the map of Europe and expanded the French state from the Black Sea to Italy and from the Atlantic to the Czech Republic. Pope Leo III crowned him Roman emperor in 800. It was an act with lasting consequences in the history of Europe.

1457.- King Henry VII of England was born, the father of Henry VIII and the founder of the Tudor dynasty. His accession to the throne in 1485 put an end to the 40-year "War between the Two Roses". The war is so named because the Lancaster dynasty, with which Henry VII was related, wore a red rose and the York dynasty a white rose. He secured the throne with a victory at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, in which King Richard III was killed. In 1486, Henry VII married the houses of Lancaster and York by marrying Richard III's sister Elizabeth.

1547.- The English King Henry VIII died, who with the dissolution of the Roman Catholic Church carried out ecclesiastical reform. In 1534, the Anglican Church declared it independent of the Vatican with the king as supreme religious leader. He married six times because he had no son heir, and broke up with Rome when he did not get permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn. He extended his rule to Wales, Scotland and Ireland and successfully built a strong fleet that later formed the basis of the strong English naval power.

1596.- English pirate and Admiral Francis Drake died, the first Englishman to sail the world from 1577 to 1580. His pirate attacks on the Spaniards contributed significantly to English naval prestige and later successfully occupied colonies, especially in North America. He also played a key role in the victory of the British navy in 1588 over the Spanish "Invincible Armada". He is thought to have been the first to bring potatoes from America to Europe in 1586.

1689.- The English Parliament announced the withdrawal of King James II, the last of the Stuart dynasty, due to the imposition of Roman Catholicism.

1821.- Peru's independence was proclaimed, which, however, did not definitively end the nearly 300-year colonial rule of Spain in that Latin American country. Spain has been trying to impose its rule on Peru for another three years.

1841.- English journalist and researcher John Rowlands, known as Henry Morton Stanley, was born. He became famous in 1871 for the "rescue" of Scottish explorer David Livingstone, who was mistakenly believed to have been lost in Africa. Until 1889, he traveled several times to Africa, discovering Lakes Albertovo, Edwardovo and Leopoldovo, as well as the Ruvenzori mountain range, and exploring much of the Congo River basin.

1871.- France capitulated in the war with Prussia and surrendered Paris.

1878.- In New Haven, USA, the first telephone exchange was put into operation, two years after Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.

1884.- Swiss physicist and marine explorer Auguste Picard, a professor at the University of Brussels, was born. He studied radioactivity, atmospheric electricity, and cosmic rays. In 1931 he became the first man to reach the stratosphere - with a balloon up to 15.780 meters, and in 1934 even up to 17.550 meters. Since 1938 it has descended 48 times into the ocean depths up to 4.000 meters.

1887.- Born in Lodz, Poland, Arthur Rubinstein, a pianist and one of the greatest performers of classical music in the 20th century. He is known for combining a passion for music with a passion for life. He first sat down to play the piano in his fourth year, and at the age of six he made his first public appearance in Warsaw at a charity concert. Before he turned 20, he became a famous musician, giving concerts in the United States, Latin America and Europe. He was especially known as a humanist. He performed in public until 1976. He died in Geneva on December 20, 1982.

1898.- Kiril Kamilov was born in Veles, one of the Macedonian participants in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). He died in Skopje, on September 8, 1976.

1906.- Greek partisan leader Vafiadis Marcos, commander of the so-called Democratic Army of Greece (DAG) in the 1946-1949 civil war, was born.

1912.- The American painter Jackson Pollock was born, the most prominent representative of abstract expressionism.

1918.- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin on behalf of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia signed a decree establishing the Red Army.

1919.- Franny Mering, a German sociologist and historian, one of the leading figures on the left wing of the German Social Democrats and the Spartacus Alliance, and one of the founders of the German Communist Party, has died in Berlin. His most notable works are The Legend of Lessing, A History of German Social Democracy, and A Biography of Karl Marx. He was born on February 27, 1864.

1928.- Spanish writer and politician Vincente Blasco Ibanez dies. The novel "Four Riders of the Apocalypse" brought him world fame. In 1923, when the dictatorship was established in Spain, he published the pamphlet "The Revealed Alfonso XIII", which played an important role in overthrowing the monarchy. In his youth he founded the influential newspaper "El Pueblo". Other works: the novels "Among the Oranges", "Blood and Arena", "Horde", "The Dead Command", "Cathedral", "Basement", "Columbus".

1930.- The dictatorship of Miguel Prima de Rivere has ended in Spain.

1935.- Iceland became the first country to legalize abortion for medical or social reasons.

1939.- Irish writer William Butler Yates, winner of the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature, has died. He is one of the greatest authors who has created works in English. Works: poetry "The Ocean Wanderings", "Wind in the Reeds", "Island on Lake Inisfry", plays "The Countess Kathleen", "Cat and the Moon", essays "Celtic Sutton", "Autobiography".

1943.- German Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in World War II announced a mobilization for all Germans capable of fighting.

1945.- The first kindergarten in Macedonia was opened in Skopje, for children from 4 to 7 years old, who were provided with food and education during the day, while their parents were at work.

1950.- The French Parliament ratifies the agreement by which Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia became independent states within the French Union. Until then, those countries were an integral part of French Indochina with the status of a colony.

1962.- The US unmanned spacecraft Ranger III, instead of landing on the moon, misses the target by 35.300 kilometers.

1980.- Cyril Kosmac, one of the greatest contemporary Slovenian writers, died in Ljubljana. He wrote the collections of short stories "Happiness and Bread", "From My Valley", "Spring Day", the novel "Ballad of the Trumpet and the Cloud" and other works. He was born in the village of Slan, on September 28, 1910.

1986.- Two minutes after taking off into space, the American spaceship "Challenger" exploded over Cape Canaveral and crashed into pieces in the waters of the Atlantic. It was the biggest crash on a space flight that killed all seven crew members.

1987.- Professor Adolf Ciborowski, a prominent architect and member of the State Council of the People's Republic of Poland, died in Warsaw. For many years he was the chief urban planner and architect of the post-war construction in Warsaw. There is great merit for the reconstruction of Skopje after the 1963 earthquake.

1990.- The Polish United Workers' Party (Communists) was disbanded, and the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland was established, which opted for a market economy and a democratic state. The leader of the new party, Aleksandar Kwasniewski, became head of state in 1995, defeating Lech Walesa in the election.

1995.- The bloodiest clash since the beginning of the violence of Islamic terrorists in Egypt has killed 14 terrorists, two policemen and two passers-by who found themselves in a crossfire.

1996.- Borne Hogarth, Tarzan's illustrator, died in Paris. He was born in Chicago on December 25, 1911.

1996.- Joseph Brodsky, a Russian writer, died in New York. In 1987 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and in 1991 he became the winner of the "Golden Wreath" at the Struga Poetry Evenings. Among his works are "Songs and Poems", "Station in the Desert", "End of the Beautiful Epoch" and "Roman Elegy". He was born in St. Petersburg on May 24, 1940.

1998.- In India, 26 people have been sentenced to death for plotting to assassinate former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.

2002.- Ecuador's Boeing 727 has crashed in Columbia volcano, killing all 92 passengers and crew.

2004.- Alaetin Tahir, a writer, literary critic, essayist and journalist of Turkish nationality in Macedonia, died in Skopje. He is the author of the books "Apartment 18" and "Portrait". He was born in Skopje, on April 23, 1949.

2004.- Lord Caton's commission has absolved British Prime Minister Tony Blair of responsibility for the suicide of Iraqi weapons expert David Kelly, blaming the BBC for reporting the incident. BBC chief executive Gavin Davis has resigned. Kelly allegedly committed suicide out of "conscience".

2006.- In the Polish city of Katowice, due to the weight of the heavy snow, the roof of the fairground fell at a time when there were about 700 people in the building. 64 people were killed and 160 were injured.

2008.- The head of the Greek Church, Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens, has died. He was elected Archbishop of Athens in 1998, as the youngest archbishop in 157 years. Working to improve relations with the Vatican, he received then-Pope John Paul II in Athens in 2001, the first Roman head to visit Greece in a thousand years.

2013.- The first African world record holder in the 10.000 meters, the Kenyan Samson Kimobva, has died. He died at the age of 57 from a severe pancreatic disease. Kimobva broke the world record in Helsinki in 1977. He coached and mentored renowned athletes including three-time 3.000m steeplechase champion Moses Kiptanui and current world record holder Saif Saeed Shaheen. Kimobva was a professor of mathematics and physics.

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